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带壳装药战斗部爆炸时,产生空气冲击波的同时,还伴随着大量的高速弹片,共同对目标产生破坏作用。在早期研究该类战斗部的毁伤效果时,通常在远距离处只考虑破片的作用,而在近距离处将其解耦成近场冲击波的作用和高速破片群的作用[1-2]。近年来,国内外学者开始对破片和冲击波的联合毁伤效应展开了研究。Nyström等[3]研究了爆炸产生的冲击波和破片对混凝土的毁伤效果,分别对破片、冲击波的单独作用和联合作用展开分析,得到了联合作用毁伤效果大于两者单独作用毁伤效果的结论。Leppänen[4]利用试验和数值模拟方法研究了破片和冲击波对混凝土的联合毁伤作用,分析了破片密度、炸药量和起爆方式对毁伤的影响,得出的结论为破片和冲击波联合作用下的毁伤大于两种毁伤元单独作用时的毁伤。国内学者张成亮等[5]、李茂等[6]、侯海量等[7]开展了预制破片战斗部对一些组合防护结构的毁伤特性研究,分析了高速破片和爆炸冲击波对不同结构破坏模式的影响,结果表明,高速破片和冲击波的联合作用会加剧目标结构的破坏。
由于冲击波与破片的运动规律大不相同,因此在不同的距离下战斗部爆炸产生的破片和冲击波作用在目标上的先后顺序也不同。确定冲击波与破片同时到达的距离,是研究两种毁伤效应耦合的重要基础。对于破片冲击波的作用时序问题,国内外学者均有研究,Nyström等[3]模拟了炸弹爆炸后破片和冲击波的相遇位置,从而对破片和冲击波的协同作用进行研究。Lloyd[8]分析了导弹战斗部爆炸后不同时间破片相对于冲击波的位置。梁为民等[9]在模拟爆腔内完成了模拟弹对目标靶板的爆炸破坏效应试验,研究了战斗部在结构内爆炸条件下破片和冲击波的运动演化过程,分析了不同比例距离和装药系数下,破片与冲击波的运动规律。安振涛等[10]对破片和冲击波的运动时序问题进行了理论分析,得出了冲击波和破片同时到达目标的距离,该距离大小与破片形状和单个破片质量关系不大。在对冲击波和破片的作用时序问题研究中,通常采用理论计算、数值仿真和试验等方式开展[9-13]。考虑到对于某些较大型战斗部,在仿真计算时会出现网格过多、计算时间过长的问题,实验研究时对实验场地要求很高,且操作困难,耗资较大,因此有必要进行缩比模型的相似律研究。目前相关的研究报道较少,且主要针对冲击波和目标结构的缩比,对于缩比战斗部爆炸产生的破片和冲击波的运动规律,尤其是两者作用时序的规律研究还不够充分。
针对柱状装药预制破片缩比战斗部爆炸产生的破片和冲击波的传播过程与作用时序展开探究,考虑到实验难度较大,各项测量难以实施,故采用量纲分析方法,结合爆炸驱动理论与现有经验公式,对影响破片和冲击波作用时序的因素及其缩比后的相似准则进行分析,确定影响破片和冲击波相遇位置的关键参数,并结合数值模拟结果验证并分析战斗部缩比比例对破片和冲击波作用时序的影响。
柱状装药预制破片缩比战斗部爆炸冲击波和破片的作用时序
Blast Wave and Time Sequence of Prefabricated Fragments for Scaled Warhead with Cylindrical Charge
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摘要: 针对柱状装药的周向预制破片战斗部,结合无量纲分析方法和爆炸驱动理论,确定了影响破片和冲击波相遇位置的关键参数,给出了由缩比战斗部推广预测原型战斗部爆炸产生的破片冲击波作用时序的方法。采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件进行数值模拟,对比验证了理论分析和数值试验结果,分析了战斗部缩比比例对冲击波和破片作用时序的影响。结果表明:缩比模型与原型战斗部爆炸产生的破片和冲击波的相遇位置之比和相遇时间之比主要取决于两模型的质量比,在不考虑破片速度衰减时,两模型中载荷相遇位置之比和相遇时间之比等于其质量比的0.33次方。受破片速度衰减影响,该方法仅适用于质量缩比不小于0.2的模型。Abstract: In order to explore the influence of the scale effects on the timing of fragmentation and shock wave, the key parameters affecting the location of fragmentation and shock wave are determined by the dimensionless analysis and explosion theory for the prefabricated fragment warhead. This paper proposes a method to predict the timing relationship of the prototype warhead fragmentation and blast wave by the scale ratio warhead, and establishes the model of the warhead under different scale ratios. The numerical simulation is carried out with ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software. Based on the theoretical and numerical results, we analyze the scale effects of the warhead on the timing of shock waves and fragmentation. The results show that the ratio of the encounter position of fragments and shock waves produced by the scaled model and the prototype model depends on the mass ratio of the two models. Without considering the velocity attenuation of fragments, the ratio of the encounter position in two models is equal to the 0.33 power of the mass ratio. Due to the effects of fragmentation velocity attenuation, the method is applicable to models with a mass reduction ratio of not less than 0.2.
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Key words:
- columnar charge warhead /
- prefabricated fragment warhead /
- scale ratio /
- shock waves /
- fragment /
- action time sequence /
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表 1 破片和冲击波相遇距离问题中相关物理量及其单位和量纲
Table 1. Parameters and their units and dimensions related to the location of the two encounters
Object Parameters Symbol Unit Dimension Fragment Mass mf kg M Explosive Mass me kg M Density ρe kg∙m–3 ML–3 Chemical energy released per unit mass of explosive Ee m2∙s–2 L2T–2 Expansion index γe 1 SI Air Initial pressure pa kg∙m–1∙s–2 ML–1T–2 Initial density ρa kg∙m–3 ML–3 Adiabatic index γa 1 SI 表 2 缩比战斗部尺寸
Table 2. Scaled warhead size
Model r/cm h/cm d/cm me/g mf/g Mass shrinkage
ratioDimension shrinkage
ratio1 1.966 5.023 0.126 100 62.92 0.1 0.464 2 2.476 6.328 0.159 200 125.83 0.2 0.585 3 2.835 7.244 0.181 300 188.75 0.3 0.669 4 3.120 7.972 0.200 400 251.67 0.4 0.737 5 3.931 10.046 0.252 800 503.34 0.8 0.928 6 4.237 10.822 0.271 1 000 629.15 1.0 1.000 表 3 TNT炸药材料参数及JWL状态方程参数
Table 3. Parameters of TNT material and JWL equation of state
ρ/(kg∙m–3) D/(m∙s–1) pCJ/GPa E/(GJ∙m–3) A1/GPa B1/GPa R1 R2 ω V 1 640 6 930 19.4 6.2 309 3.09 4.485 0.79 0.30 1 表 4 空气材料参数及状态方程参数
Table 4. Equation of state parameters of air
ρ/(kg∙m–3) E/MPa C0/MPa C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 1.25 0.25 –0.1 0 0 0 0 0.4 0 表 5 破片材料参数及状态方程参数
Table 5. Equation of state parameters of fragments
ρ/(kg∙m–3) ν σ/MPa ${\dot\varepsilon } $ 7.83 0.3 1 075 0.9 表 6 理论结果与仿真结果对比
Table 6. Comparison of theoretical and simulation results
Model Mass reduction
ratio${\left( {\dfrac{m}{M}} \right)^{0.33}}$ Meeting time Meeting distance Value/µs Reduction Deviation/% Value/cm Reduction Deviation/% 1 0.1 0.464 140 0.403 13.1 27 0.397 14.4 2 0.2 0.585 188 0.531 9.2 36 0.529 9.5 3 0.3 0.669 229 0.642 4.0 45 0.651 2.7 4 0.4 0.737 270 0.763 3.5 52 0.764 3.6 5 0.8 0.929 334 0.941 1.3 64 0.945 1.7 6 1.0 1.000 355 1.000 68 1.000 -
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