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压力作为热力学的重要基本参数之一[1],几乎对材料的化学、结构、机械、电子、磁性、声子等所有属性[2-3]均可以产生影响,因此在物理[4]、化学[5]、材料科学[6]及地球科学[7]等多个研究领域都得到了广泛应用。利用金刚石对顶砧压腔(Diamond anvil cell,DAC)产生的高压研究样品的性质是实验室最常用的高压研究手段之一。在金刚石压砧的作用下,DAC样品腔内可以达到几十万甚至几百万大气压的极高压力[8-9],压腔内的微量样品能够发生多次物性变化。然而,受DAC的结构及样品材料等的限制,高压研究必须在窗口有限、样品尺度微小且X射线能够穿过环境材料(如金刚石压砧、传压介质)等条件下进行。这些限制使得具有能量范围宽、通量高、准直性好、能量带宽可调、有时间结构及相干性好等特性的同步辐射装置在高压研究中发挥了重要作用。
自20世纪80年代以来,同步辐射技术与DAC技术相结合,为探索高压条件下的材料物性提供了丰富的研究手段[2-3,10]。例如:高压X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)方法可用于确定晶体或非晶材料的结构、密度、应力应变和择优取向等信息[11];X射线吸收谱学(X-ray absorption spectroscopy,XAS)可以针对材料中特定元素进行结构表征,获得感兴趣元素的局域结构信息(价态、构型、配位数、键长及无序度等)[12-13];X射线核共振散射谱学(Nuclear resonance scattering,NRS)可提供时域的Mössbauer超精细结构谱学信息以及声子投影态密度[14];X射线拉曼散射(X-ray raman scattering,XRS)可探测轻元素(C、N和O等)在高压条件下的化学键变化[15];X射线成像(X-ray imaging,XRI)可以研究样品在高压条件下的物态方程、相演变及其动力学过程[16]。
同步辐射光源技术的不断发展,也在推动高压科学的不断进步。近年来,国际主要高能光源,如美国先进光子源(APS)[17]、欧洲同步辐射光源(ESRF)[18]、日本的Spring-8光源[19]和德国的PETRA Ⅲ光源[20],都在积极实施或推进升级具有准衍射极限环的第四代同步辐射光源计划。高能同步辐射光源(High energy photon source,HEPS)[21-22]作为我国“十三五”期间建设的、为国家重大战略需求和前沿基础科学研究提供技术支撑平台的国家重大科技基础设施,于2017年12月获得国家发展改革委批复立项,并于2019年6月在北京怀柔奠基启动建设,计划将于2025年完成建设并投入使用。作为第四代同步辐射光源,HEPS光源具有极小的发射度,能够提供比现有第三代同步辐射光源亮度高100倍以上的同步辐射光,实验站也更容易获得微米和亚微米(纳米)尺度的聚焦光斑。同时,低发射度光源具有的相干性优势也将极大地促进相干谱学、相干成像等实验技术的发展。这些优异的性能可以为高压科学在更高压力范围、更小时间或空间尺度等条件下开展研究提供重要支撑,例如:极高压(太帕量级)条件下的物性研究、压力(或温度)快速加载条件下的时间分辨研究、极高压条件下的局域变化及不均匀性研究、地球(行星)深部温压条件下的物质研究等[3]。
高压科学研究将是HEPS建成后的一个重要应用方向。本文的主要目的是向高压领域相关科研工作者介绍HEPS一期建设过程中与DAC高压实验技术相关的线站设计。一方面,有助于用户更多地了解HEPS,为将来在HEPS上开展高压研究工作做一些初步的准备;另一方面,也希望得到用户对目前线站设计方案的反馈,包括对未来二期、三期线站布局中高压光束线站规划的意见与建议。
第四代高能同步辐射光源HEPS及高压相关线站建设
Introduction of Fourth-Generation High Energy Photon Source HEPS and the Beamlines for High-Pressure Research
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摘要: 作为国家重大科技基础设施“十三五”规划重点建设的项目之一,目前,高能同步辐射光源已经在北京怀柔科学城开始建设,项目目标是建设具有极低发射度、重点覆盖高能区(约300 keV)的第四代同步辐射光源。新的高能光源将为科学研究提供光斑更小、亮度更高、相干性更好的X射线探针。同步辐射光源已经帮助科研人员在高压科学研究的诸多领域取得了丰硕的成果。反过来,应高压研究更高的需求,也在促进同步辐射实验技术的不断发展与进步。本文旨在对高能同步辐射光源首批线站中能够开展高压研究的高压光束线站、吸收谱学线站、高分辨谱学线站和显微成像线站的建设方案进行介绍,一方面有助于用户更好地了解相关设施,另一方面也希望结合用户需求完善后续线站的建设工作,共同推进高压学科在同步辐射领域的发展。Abstract: The High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) located at Huairou’s Science City in Bejing, one of the key projects listed in the “13th Five-year Plan for national major scientific and technological infrastructure”, has been under construction since 2019. HEPS will be a world-leading 4th generation high energy synchrotron radiation source featuring very low emittance, very high brilliance and high X-ray energy (about 300 keV).The new light source will provide X-ray probes with smaller size, higher brightness and better coherence for scientific researches. Synchrotron radiation technology has helped researchers achieve rich results in high-pressure research. In turn, the demand for high-pressure research is also promoting the development of synchrotron radiation experiment technology. In this paper, the design of the beamlines in the HPES phase I for high-pressure research are introduced, including a high-pressure beamline, an X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline, a hard X-ray high energy resolution spectroscopy beamline and a transmission X-ray microscopy beamline. It is expected to help users well understand the functions of these beamlines, and further promote the development of synchrotron radiation high-pressure research together with the user community via seamless integration of techniques and users’ various requirements for advancing high-pressure science.
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Key words:
- high energy photon source /
- high pressure /
- beamlines /
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Energy/
GeVCircumference/
mNumber of
straight sectionsBeam current/
mANatural emittance/
pmradInjection Bunch
number6 1360.4 48 200 34.2 Top-up 680/63 表 2 X射线吸收谱线站的主要设计指标
Table 2. Main parameters of XAS beamline
Energy range/keV Energy resolution(ΔE/E) Flux/(ph·s−1) Spot size /
(μm × μm)Methods 4.8−45 2 × 10−4 Si (111) 5 × 1013@10 keV (non-focus) 0.35 × 0.35 (focus) XAFS/XRD/XRF/FTIR/Mass spectra 4 × 10−5 Si (311) 5 × 1012@10 keV (focus) 0.35 × 0.35 (focus) Time resolution: 25 ms/spectra
Detection limit of trace element > 1×10−7表 3 H2O线站实验方法及技术指标
Table 3. Specification of methods at the H2O beamline
Method Energy range/keV Energy resolution/meV Inject mode Spot size/ (μm × μm) Flux/(ph·s−1) Nuclear resonant scattering 14.4 (57Fe) 2,1 63-bunches 2 × 2 About 1.5 × 1010 X-ray Raman scattering 10 800 680-bunches 3 × 3 About 3 × 1013 -
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