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当声音开始“自转”：声波的自旋角动量
When sound begins to“self-rotate”：spin angular momentum of acoustic waves
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摘要:
波动系统中的自旋角动量是描述波场矢量极化特性的重要物理量，与波的传播性质、能量流动以及波—物质相互作用等密切相关。声学系统作为典型的纵波系统，长期以来被认为不存在自旋属性。近年来，人们从声速度场的极化特性中发现了声波自旋的存在，拓展了对声波动力学特性的认知并为声波调控提供了新的自由度。文章回顾声波自旋角动量这一新兴领域的重要前沿进展，从声波类狄拉克方程的层面揭示声波自旋的起源和物理内涵，介绍声波自旋—动量锁定等角动量相关的重要物理性质及其在声波定向输运等方面的应用潜力，之后阐述声波自旋研究从“局部”到“全局”的发展和声全局自旋—轨道耦合效应的发现，最后展望在高容量声信息传输、定向声传感与集成声子器件等重要领域的应用前景。
Abstract:Spin angular momentum in wave systems is a fundamental physical quantity that characterizes the polarization properties of vector fields, and is closely related to wave propagation, energy transport, and wave-matter interactions. Acoustic systems, as typical longitudinal-wave systems, have long been considered to lack intrinsic spin degrees of freedom. In recent years, however, the existence of acoustic spin has been revealed from the polarization properties of the acoustic velocity field, which expands our understanding of sound-wave dynamics and introduces a new degree of freedom for acoustic wave manipulation. This article reviews various recent advances in the emerging field of acoustic spin angular momentum. We first elucidate the origin and physical nature of acoustic spin from the perspective of the acoustic Dirac-like equation, then introduce several key angular-momentum-related phenomena, including spin-momentum locking, and discuss their potential applications in directional acoustic transport. Furthermore, the development of acoustic spin research from“local”to “global” regimes is reviewed, together with the discovery of global acoustic spin-orbit coupling. Finally, we discuss prospective applications of acoustic spin in important areas such as high-capacity acoustic information transmission, directional acoustic sensing, and integrated phononic devices.
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Key words:
- acoustic spin /
- Dirac equation /
- spin-momentum locking /
- global spin .
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