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电磁信息论中的自由度、采样与空间几何

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沙威, 黄崇文, 李达, 李尔平. 2026: 电磁信息论中的自由度、采样与空间几何, 物理, 55(6): 400-409. doi: 10.7693/wl20260604
引用本文: 沙威, 黄崇文, 李达, 李尔平. 2026: 电磁信息论中的自由度、采样与空间几何, 物理, 55(6): 400-409. doi: 10.7693/wl20260604
shu
SHA Wei, HUANG Chong-Wen, LI Da, LI Er-Ping. 2026: Degrees of freedom，sampling，and spatial geometry in electromagnetic information theory, Physics, 55(6): 400-409. doi: 10.7693/wl20260604
Citation: SHA Wei, HUANG Chong-Wen, LI Da, LI Er-Ping. 2026: Degrees of freedom，sampling，and spatial geometry in electromagnetic information theory, Physics, 55(6): 400-409. doi: 10.7693/wl20260604
shu

电磁信息论中的自由度、采样与空间几何

  • 浙江大学信息与电子工程学院 杭州 310027

    • 通讯作者: 沙威,email:weisha@zju.edu.cn; 

Degrees of freedom，sampling，and spatial geometry in electromagnetic information theory

  • College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

    • Corresponding author: SHA Wei, weisha@zju.edu.cn ; 

  • 摘要: 无线通信、感知和成像都依靠电磁场承载信息。当天线阵列走向超大规模、连续孔径和近场工作区间时，天线数或信道矩阵维数已不足以刻画系统的信息能力，关键问题变为：在给定频率、孔径、距离、能量和噪声条件下，电磁场中有多少个可稳定区分和利用的独立模式。文章沿着“Gabor信息图—Shannon容量—Wigner相空间—电磁自由度—三维孔径”的脉络，说明自由度、采样和空间几何之间的物理联系。重点指出，自由度不是端口数，而是可用的电磁模式数；采样不是自由度的来源，而是连续场有限自由度在工程端口上的表现；立体天线和三维孔径的意义也不是突破物理极限，而是更充分地组织和读取可访问模式。希望文章可以为人们理解电磁场如何承载和提取信息提供一个直观图像。
    Abstract: Wireless communication, sensing, and imaging all rely on electromagnetic fields to carry information. As antenna systems move toward extremely large arrays, continuous apertures, and near-field operation, the number of antennas or the dimension of a channel matrix is no longer sufficient to describe their information capability. The central question becomes: under given frequency, aperture, distance, energy, and noise constraints, how many independent electromagnetic modes can be stably distinguished and used? Following the line of“Gabor’s information diagram—Shannon capacity—Wigner phase space—electromagnetic degrees of freedom—three-dimensional apertures”, this article explains the physical connection among degrees of freedom, sampling, and spatial geometry. It emphasizes that degrees of freedom are not port numbers, but usable electromagnetic modes; sampling is not the source of degrees of freedom, but an engineering representation of finite degrees of freedom in continuous fields; three-dimensional antennas or apertures do not break physical limits, but reorganize and access available modes more effectively. The article aims to provide an intuitive picture of how information is carried and extracted by electromagnetic fields.
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  • 收稿日期:  2026-05-20

电磁信息论中的自由度、采样与空间几何

    通讯作者: 沙威,email:weisha@zju.edu.cn; 
  • 浙江大学信息与电子工程学院 杭州 310027
  • 收稿日期:  2026-05-20

摘要: 无线通信、感知和成像都依靠电磁场承载信息。当天线阵列走向超大规模、连续孔径和近场工作区间时，天线数或信道矩阵维数已不足以刻画系统的信息能力，关键问题变为：在给定频率、孔径、距离、能量和噪声条件下，电磁场中有多少个可稳定区分和利用的独立模式。文章沿着“Gabor信息图—Shannon容量—Wigner相空间—电磁自由度—三维孔径”的脉络，说明自由度、采样和空间几何之间的物理联系。重点指出，自由度不是端口数，而是可用的电磁模式数；采样不是自由度的来源，而是连续场有限自由度在工程端口上的表现；立体天线和三维孔径的意义也不是突破物理极限，而是更充分地组织和读取可访问模式。希望文章可以为人们理解电磁场如何承载和提取信息提供一个直观图像。

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