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信息安全的量子攻击与防护

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张飞昊, 张江, 龙桂鲁. 2026: 信息安全的量子攻击与防护, 物理, 55(6): 410-417. doi: 10.7693/wl20260605
引用本文: 张飞昊, 张江, 龙桂鲁. 2026: 信息安全的量子攻击与防护, 物理, 55(6): 410-417. doi: 10.7693/wl20260605
shu
ZHANG Fei-Hao, ZHANG Jiang, LONG Gui-Lu. 2026: Information security：attack and defenses using quantum information technology, Physics, 55(6): 410-417. doi: 10.7693/wl20260605
Citation: ZHANG Fei-Hao, ZHANG Jiang, LONG Gui-Lu. 2026: Information security：attack and defenses using quantum information technology, Physics, 55(6): 410-417. doi: 10.7693/wl20260605
shu

信息安全的量子攻击与防护

  • 1 北京量子信息科学研究院 北京 100193;

  • 2 清华大学物理系 低维量子物理国家重点实验室 北京 100084;

  • 3 清华大学量子信息前沿科学中心 北京 100084

    • 通讯作者: 龙桂鲁,email:gllong@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
  • 基金项目:

    国家自然科学基金(批准号：62471046；12204051)资助项目

Information security：attack and defenses using quantum information technology

  • 1 Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;

  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;

  • 3 Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

    • Corresponding author: LONG Gui-Lu, gllong@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

  • 摘要: 量子信息技术正深刻重塑信息安全攻防格局。文章简要介绍该领域“攻”“防”两端的核心进展。量子计算凭借叠加、纠缠等特性，对传统密码体系构成颠覆性威胁。当前硬件处于含噪声中等规模阶段，其对密码的攻击主要包含两类——Shor全量子算法需百万级量子比特支持，远超现有技术能力；而闫宝—龙桂鲁等提出的量子—经典混合算法(Yan—Long算法)已显示出潜在威胁，但距离实际破译大规模密码仍需进一步验证。量子通信则依托量子力学原理构建防御体系，核心包含三项技术：量子密钥分发通过量子态传输随机数协商密钥，结合“一次一密”实现保密通信；量子直接通信可直接传输秘密信息，兼具窃听感知与位置暴露预警能力；量子隐形传态借助量子纠缠实现未知量子态远距离传输，是未来量子网络的核心基础。
    Abstract: Quantum information technology is profoundly reshaping the landscape of information security offense and defense. This paper briefly reviews the core advancements in both the“offensive”and“defensive”dimensions of the field. Quantum computing, leveraging properties such as superposition and entanglement, poses a disruptive threat to traditional cryptographic systems. Currently, quantum hardware is in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era. Its potential attacks on cryptography primarily fall into two categories: Shor’s fully quantum algorithm, which requires millions of qubits—far beyond current technical capabilities, and the quantum-classical hybrid algorithm proposed by Yan Bao, Long Gui-Lu, et al. (the Yan-Long algorithm), which has demonstrated potential threats but still requires further validation before it can feasibly break large-scale cryptography.
    In contrast, quantum communication builds a defensive system grounded on the principles of quantum mechanics. It centers on three core technologies: quantum key distribution, which transmits random numbers via quantum states to establish keys for confidential communication when combined with the one-time pad, quantum secure direct communication, which enables the direct transmission of secret messages while offering eavesdropping detection and location exposure alert capabilities, and quantum teleportation, which uses quantum entanglement to achieve the long-distance transmission of unknown quantum states and serves as a foundational pillar for future quantum networks.
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  • 收稿日期:  2026-05-22

信息安全的量子攻击与防护

    通讯作者: 龙桂鲁,email:gllong@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
  • 1 北京量子信息科学研究院 北京 100193;
  • 2 清华大学物理系 低维量子物理国家重点实验室 北京 100084;
  • 3 清华大学量子信息前沿科学中心 北京 100084
  • 收稿日期:  2026-05-22
基金项目: 

摘要: 量子信息技术正深刻重塑信息安全攻防格局。文章简要介绍该领域“攻”“防”两端的核心进展。量子计算凭借叠加、纠缠等特性，对传统密码体系构成颠覆性威胁。当前硬件处于含噪声中等规模阶段，其对密码的攻击主要包含两类——Shor全量子算法需百万级量子比特支持，远超现有技术能力；而闫宝—龙桂鲁等提出的量子—经典混合算法(Yan—Long算法)已显示出潜在威胁，但距离实际破译大规模密码仍需进一步验证。量子通信则依托量子力学原理构建防御体系，核心包含三项技术：量子密钥分发通过量子态传输随机数协商密钥，结合“一次一密”实现保密通信；量子直接通信可直接传输秘密信息，兼具窃听感知与位置暴露预警能力；量子隐形传态借助量子纠缠实现未知量子态远距离传输，是未来量子网络的核心基础。

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