Figure 4 ,Table 2
    • Figure 1.  The framework of the GCO algorithm for optimizing parameters in PQC.

    • Figure 2.  The parameterized quantum circuit (PQC) for classification tasks (a) and the details for uploading training data Xi and parameter θ into the PQC (b), where Xi = (x1,x2,…,xn) and θ = (θ1,θ2,…,θn).

    • Figure 3.  The cost value against the time for the three classification tasks in four types of noise by using GCO (red), BO (blue), BCO (black), and the adam-based method (pink) algorithms.

    • Figure 4.  The classification accuracy against the time respectively for the three classification tasks in four types of noise by using GCO (red), BO (blue), BCO (black), and the adam-based method (pink) algorithms.