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Figure 1.  Schematic of the introduction of EMMA, including features from design to application.

Figure 2.  Schematic diagram of the standard Sierpinski fractal of (a) first-order, (b) second-order, (c) third-order.

Figure 3.  (a) Perspective, (b) front view, (c) end view of the proposed absorber.

Figure 4.  Schematic diagram of first-order, second-order and third-order absorbers, (a)–(c) in Ref. [13], (d)–(f) in Ref. [60], (g)–(i) in Ref. [70].

Figure 5.  (a) The perspective of gold/graphene plasma fractal absorber in Ref. [9]. (b) Electromagnetic absorption performance of EMMAs of different materials.

Figure 6.  (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of rGO/PI foam in Ref. [54]. (b) Schematic diagram of Yolk-shell-structure Co–C/void/Co₉S₈ composites in Ref. [38].

Figure 7.  Schematic diagram of metamaterial absorber in (a) Ref. [90], (b) Ref. [55]. (c) Variation of RL and EAB with resistance in Ref. [55]. (d) Effect of different fractal levels on EAB in Ref. [60].

Figure 8.  (a) Effect of annealing temperature on EAB and RL in Ref. [105]. The frequencies corresponding to the low-frequency absorption peaks of absorbers of different thicknesses (b) in Ref. [55], (c) in Ref. [52].