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Yuan Cao(曹原), Xiaosong Yu(郁小松), Yongli Zhao(赵永利), Chunhui Zhang(张春辉), Xingyu Zhou(周星宇), Jie Zhang(张杰), and Qin Wang(王琴). 2025: Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks, Chinese Physics B, 34(1): 010310. doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad9018
Citation: Yuan Cao(曹原), Xiaosong Yu(郁小松), Yongli Zhao(赵永利), Chunhui Zhang(张春辉), Xingyu Zhou(周星宇), Jie Zhang(张杰), and Qin Wang(王琴). 2025: Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks, Chinese Physics B, 34(1): 010310. doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad9018
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Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks

  • 1 Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China;

  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

  • Received Date: 27/09/2024
    Accepted Date: 06/11/2024
  • Fund Project:

    This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62201276, 62350001, U22B2026, and 62471248), Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (Grant No. 2021ZD0300701), the Key R&D Program (Industry Foresight and Key Core Technologies) of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BE2022071), and Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (Grant No. 22KJB510007).

  • As the first stage of the quantum Internet, quantum key distribution (QKD) networks hold the promise of providing long-term security for diverse users. Most existing QKD networks have been constructed based on independent QKD protocols, and they commonly rely on the deployment of single-protocol trusted relay chains for long reach. Driven by the evolution of QKD protocols, large-scale QKD networking is expected to migrate from a single-protocol to a multi-protocol paradigm, during which some useful evolutionary elements for the later stages of the quantum Internet may be incorporated. In this work, we delve into a pivotal technique for large-scale QKD networking, namely, multi-protocol relay chaining. A multi-protocol relay chain is established by connecting a set of trusted/untrusted relays relying on multiple QKD protocols between a pair of QKD nodes. The structures of diverse multi-protocol relay chains are described, based on which the associated model is formulated and the policies are defined for the deployment of multi-protocol relay chains. Furthermore, we propose three multi-protocol relay chaining heuristics. Numerical simulations indicate that the designed heuristics can effectively reduce the number of trusted relays deployed and enhance the average security level versus the commonly used single-protocol trusted relay chaining methods on backbone network topologies.
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Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks

  • Received Date: 27/09/2024
  • Accepted Date: 06/11/2024
Fund Project: 

Abstract: As the first stage of the quantum Internet, quantum key distribution (QKD) networks hold the promise of providing long-term security for diverse users. Most existing QKD networks have been constructed based on independent QKD protocols, and they commonly rely on the deployment of single-protocol trusted relay chains for long reach. Driven by the evolution of QKD protocols, large-scale QKD networking is expected to migrate from a single-protocol to a multi-protocol paradigm, during which some useful evolutionary elements for the later stages of the quantum Internet may be incorporated. In this work, we delve into a pivotal technique for large-scale QKD networking, namely, multi-protocol relay chaining. A multi-protocol relay chain is established by connecting a set of trusted/untrusted relays relying on multiple QKD protocols between a pair of QKD nodes. The structures of diverse multi-protocol relay chains are described, based on which the associated model is formulated and the policies are defined for the deployment of multi-protocol relay chains. Furthermore, we propose three multi-protocol relay chaining heuristics. Numerical simulations indicate that the designed heuristics can effectively reduce the number of trusted relays deployed and enhance the average security level versus the commonly used single-protocol trusted relay chaining methods on backbone network topologies.

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