Search Advanced
2025 Volume 34 Issue 6
Article Contents
Previous Article Next Article

Yin-Feng Chen(陈银凤)† and Zhong-Hua Fu(付中华). 2025: Zero-determinant game design for preventing double-spending in IOTA, Chinese Physics B, 34(6): 068904. doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/add50e
Citation: Yin-Feng Chen(陈银凤)† and Zhong-Hua Fu(付中华). 2025: Zero-determinant game design for preventing double-spending in IOTA, Chinese Physics B, 34(6): 068904. doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/add50e
shu

Zero-determinant game design for preventing double-spending in IOTA

  • School of Computer Information Management, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot 010070, China

  • Received Date: 05/04/2025
    Accepted Date: 02/05/2025
  • Fund Project:

    Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia, China (Grant No. 2024LHMS06013), Basic Research Funds for Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region’s Directly Affiliated Universities in 2025 (Grant No. NCYWS25019), the Regional Digital Economy and Digital Governance Research Center (Grant No. szzl202401), the Research Project on Education and Teaching Reform at Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics (Grant No. JXZD2405), and the 2025 High-Quality Research Achievement Cultivation Fund Project of Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics (Grant No. GZCG2529).

  • PACS: 89.75.-k; 02.50.Le; 05.45.-a

  • The Internet of Things Application (IOTA) is an innovative public blockchain system tailored for the Internet of Things (IoT), focusing on challenges such as micro-payments, concurrency, and scalability. However, its distributed ledger, which utilizes a directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure, is vulnerable to double-spending attacks. To mitigate this risk, we propose a countermeasure employing zero-determinant (ZD) strategies to encourage honest transactions among nodes. First, we analyze the game-theoretic interactions between the IOTA committee and nodes, modeling them as an iterated prisoner's dilemma and deriving the conditions under which this dilemma holds. Next, we explore the conditions under which the IOTA committee can adopt ZD strategies, demonstrating the feasibility of unilaterally controlling node payoffs. Finally, theoretical analysis and experimental validation confirm the effectiveness of the proposed countermeasure, offering a novel game-theoretic solution for enhancing IOTA's security.
  • 加载中
  • Rejeb A, Rejeb K, Appolloni A, Jagtap S, Iranmanesh M, Alghamdi S, Alghamdi S, Alhasawi Y and Kayikci Y 2024 Internet of Things and Cyber- Physical Systems 4 1

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Huang G, Wu C, Hu Y and Guo C 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 040706

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Silvano, Wellington F and Roderval M 2020 Future Generation Computer Systems 112 307

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Chen Y, Sun B, Wang Y, Qiu Z and Li Y 2024 Mathematics 12 3391

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Chen Y, Guo Y, Wang M, Xu E, Xie H and Bie R 2023 IEEE Internet of Things Journal 11 1952

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    PressWilliam H and Freeman Dyson J 2012 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 10409

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Hu Q, Wang S, Cheng X, Ma L and Bie R 2019 IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 15 1778

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Serguei P 2018 White Paper 1 30

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Popov S, Saa O and Finardi P 2019 Computers & Industrial Engineering 136 160

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Fan C, Ghaemi S, Khazaei H, Chen Y and Musilek P 2021 ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems 6 1

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Penzkofer A, Kusmierz B, Capossele A, Sanders W and Saa O 2020 arXiv:2004.13409 [cs.DC]

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Shabandri B and Maheshwari P 2019 2019 6th International conference on signal processing and integrated networks, March 7-8, 2019, Noida, India, p. 1069

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Bramas Q 2018 HAL pp. 1-17

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Brighente A, Conti M, Kumar G, Ghanbari R and Saha R 2021 2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain), Dec. 6-8, 2021, Melbourne, Australia, p. 433

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Ullah I, De Roode G, Meratnia N and Havinga P 2021 Sensors 21 1834

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Li Y, Cao B, Peng M, Zhang L, Zhang L and Feng D 2020 IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 28 1643

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Cullen A, Ferraro P, King C and Shorten R 2021 IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7 7112

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Staupe P 2017 Tech. Rep. pp. 1-13

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Bu G, Gurcan O and Potop-Butucaru M 2019 IEEE INFOCOM 2019- IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, April 29- May 2, 2019, Paris, France, p. 644

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Bu G, Hana W and Potop-Butucaru M 2020 2020 2nd Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS), September 28-30, 2020, Paris, France, p. 9

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Vries L J W 2019 IOTA vulnerability: Large weight attack performed in a network (Ph.D. Dissertation) University of Twente

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Mauro C, Kumar G, Nerurkar P, Saha R and Vigneri L 2022 Journal of Network and Computer Applications 203 103383

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Bramas Q 2021 The 9th International Conference on Networked Systems (NETYS 2021) May 19-21, 2021, Marrakech, Morocco, p. 161

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Bhandary M, ParmarMand Ambawade D 2024 2020 5th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), June 10-12, Coimbatore, India, p. 827

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Madenouei N A 2024 Exploring the scalability, throughput and security characteristics of the Tangle distributed ledger technology through simulation analysis (Master Dissertation) York University, Canada

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Chen Y, Guo Y, Wang Y and Bie R 2022 Mathematics 10 1108

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Shi H, Wang S, Hu Q, Cheng X, Zhang J and Yu J 2021 IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (IEEE TDSC) 18 1580

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Cao M 2020 Cooperation and Optimization of Mining Pool Game Based on PoW Consensus Algorithm (Master Dissertation) (Hangzhou: Zhejiang Normal University) (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Jiang Y 2021 Research on Blockchain Cooperative Mining Strategy Based on Game Theory (Master Dissertation) (Nanjing: Southeast University) (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Ueda M 2021 Royal Society Open Science 8 202186

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Zhao Q 2021 Research on Zero determinant Strategies and Networked Evolutionary Game Dynamics (Master Dissertation) (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Taha M A and Ghoneim A 2021 Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 152 111408

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Axelrod R and Hamilton W D 1981 Science 211 1390

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Liu X, Wang W, Niyato D, Zhao N and Wang P 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 7 760

    Google Scholar Pub Med

    Hu Q, Wang S, Ma L, Bie R and Cheng X 2017 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), June 5-8, Atlanta, GA, USA, p. 1137

    Google Scholar Pub Med

  • 加载中
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索
Export Citation
PDF
XML

Article Metrics

Article views(93) PDF downloads(0) Cited by(0)

Access History

Zero-determinant game design for preventing double-spending in IOTA

  • Received Date: 05/04/2025
  • Accepted Date: 02/05/2025
Fund Project: 

Abstract: The Internet of Things Application (IOTA) is an innovative public blockchain system tailored for the Internet of Things (IoT), focusing on challenges such as micro-payments, concurrency, and scalability. However, its distributed ledger, which utilizes a directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure, is vulnerable to double-spending attacks. To mitigate this risk, we propose a countermeasure employing zero-determinant (ZD) strategies to encourage honest transactions among nodes. First, we analyze the game-theoretic interactions between the IOTA committee and nodes, modeling them as an iterated prisoner's dilemma and deriving the conditions under which this dilemma holds. Next, we explore the conditions under which the IOTA committee can adopt ZD strategies, demonstrating the feasibility of unilaterally controlling node payoffs. Finally, theoretical analysis and experimental validation confirm the effectiveness of the proposed countermeasure, offering a novel game-theoretic solution for enhancing IOTA's security.

    HTML

Reference (35)

Catalog

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return